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Phonological awareness includes which of the following?

  1. Only recognizing letters in the alphabet

  2. Ability to manipulate sounds in words

  3. Understanding grammatical rules

  4. Identifying proper nouns

The correct answer is: Ability to manipulate sounds in words

Phonological awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of spoken language, which includes various skills such as recognizing, creating, and manipulating sounds at the syllable, onset-rime, and phoneme levels. The correct option reflects this definition, as it emphasizes the ability to manipulate sounds in words. This skill is crucial for reading development because it helps children understand the relationship between sounds and their corresponding letters, leading to better decoding skills when they begin to read. The other choices do not align with the concept of phonological awareness. Recognizing letters in the alphabet pertains more to letter recognition and not to the manipulation of sounds. Understanding grammatical rules involves knowledge of syntax and sentence structure, which is separate from phonological awareness, as it does not focus on the sound aspects of language. Identifying proper nouns relates to vocabulary and word recognition rather than the ability to manipulate sounds.